Deception in Negotiation: To lie or not to lie?
In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Polonius advises his son Laertes
“This above all, — to thine own self be true. And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man.”
In one insightful quote, Shakespeare tells us what it is to be real — to be authentic. Shakespeare tells us there are two tests for authenticity
- You have to be true to yourself
- You must be what you say to others
Journalist Edward Murrow offered the same advice:
“To be persuasive we must be believable, to be believable we must be credible, to be credible, we must be truthful.”
When you lose your credibility everyone discounts what you say. The challenge is however, that lying in negotiation is widespread. One recent study found 28% of negotiators lied about a common interest during negotiations. Another study revealed that 100% of negotiators either failed to reveal a problem or actively lied about it during negotiations if they were not directly asked about the issue.
Omission or Commission
Lies of omission (not revealing information) are more common than lies of commission (actively misrepresenting information). Wharton researcher Maurice Schweitzer found negotiators lie about:
- Reservation prices. Virtually everyone lies when it comes to stating their bottomline or reservation price.
- Interests. Negotiators often mislead their counterparts over their real interests. For example, a negotiator may portray a common interest as a conflicting interest in order to win a concession.
- Intentions. Negotiators often try to bluff the other side by misrepresenting their intentions.
- Material facts. Intentional false statement about material facts can constitute fraud.
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